The order of the cardiovascular diseases
The order of the cardiovascular diseases
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The order of the cardiovascular diseases: Pathogenetic cascade and clinical implications Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death and include a variety of symptoms, which occur at different levels of the cardiovascular system. An analysis of their typical order allows for a better understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms and to optimize the prevention and therapy. 1. Predisposing factors and early damage The development of CVD often begins with predisposing risk factors, including: Hypertension; Dyslipidemia; Diabetes mellitus type 2; Overweight/Obesity; Tobacco consumption; lack of physical activity. These factors lead to endothelial dysfunction, the first step in the cascade. The endothelium, the inner layer of the blood vessels, it loses its ability to provide adequate vasodilation and shows an increased tendency to Inflammation. 2. Atherosclerosis as a Central process Then, atherosclerosis develops: lipids (especially LDL cholesterol) deposits in the vascular wall, which triggers a chronic inflammatory response. Macrophages phagocytize the oxidized lipids to form foam cells, which Atheromas develop. These Plaques narrow the vessel lumen and reduce the flow of blood. 3. Clinical manifestations according to the affected vessels Depending on the localization of atherosclerosis different disease pictures: Coronary heart disease (CHD): narrowing of the coronary arteries leads to Angina pectoris, acute thrombus formation to myocardial infarction. Cerebro-vascular disease, atherosclerosis of the cerebral arteries is seizures cause of transient ischemic attacks (TIA) or stroke (apoplekti cher hit). Peripheral arterial occlusive disease (paod): restriction of the blood flow in the extremities leads to pain when walking (intermittent Klaudikation) and Gewebsschäden in the advanced stage. 4. Heart failure as a result of Myocardial infarction and chronic conditions (e.g. hypertension) cause damage to the heart muscle. As a result, the heart loses its pumping function, which leads to heart failure. This is manifested by symptoms such as dyspnea, Edema and Fatigabilität. 5. Arrhythmias and other complications Structural changes of the heart (e.g., scar tissue after infarction) promote electrical dysfunctions. So arrhythmias, including atrial fibrillation is a risk factor for stroke caused. 6. Cycle progression The sequence is not strictly linear: heart failure can worsen hypertension, arrhythmias increase the thromboembolic risk. These interactions often lead to a self-reinforcing cycle of complications. Summary The typical sequence of CVD can be roughly divided as follows: Risk factors → endoteliale dysfunction → atherosclerosis → regional Ischemia (coronary artery disease, stroke, peripheral arterial disease) → organ damage (heart failure) → secondary complications (arrhythmias, thromboembolism). Early Intervention in this cascade, for example by lowering the blood pressure, lipid-lowering drugs and lifestyle changes can slow the Progression of cardiovascular diseases significantly and the quality of life and expectation of the patient significantly improve.
Ang arteryal na hypertension o hypertension ay isang kondisyon ng patuloy na systolic at diastolic na presyon ng dugo, kung saan ang mga sukatan ay lumalagpas sa 140/90 mmHg. Ang mataas na presyon ay nagpapakita ng mga hindi komportableng sintomas. The order of the cardiovascular diseases. Constant high levels of stress can disturb the blood flow and blood pressure and can damage vessels, and you may experience dizziness, extreme fatigue, or body aches with no wish to get out of bed. This stress-induced fatigue can make your blood pressure high and needs to be monitored.
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